{"id":3224,"date":"2025-08-19T11:01:41","date_gmt":"2025-08-19T05:31:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.aquartia.in\/?p=3224"},"modified":"2025-08-19T11:01:41","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T05:31:41","slug":"navigating-autonomy-in-era-of-geo-economic-weaponization","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.aquartia.in\/index.php\/2025\/08\/19\/navigating-autonomy-in-era-of-geo-economic-weaponization\/","title":{"rendered":"Navigating Autonomy in Era of Geo-economic Weaponization"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"key-highlights\">Key Highlights<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>China controls 60\u201370% global REM production; India holds ~6 million tonnes reserves but lacks processing scale.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>India\u2019s Critical Minerals Strategy, KABIL, Deep Ocean Mission, and Quad initiatives anchor national response.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>US, EU, Australia, and Japan are aggressively diversifying supply chains and advancing recycling.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Environmental costs of REM mining are high\u2014India pushes for urban mining and green extraction.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Supply risks are also geopolitical: maritime routes, tech wars, and export controls shape the landscape.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"introduction\">Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>China\u2019s 2025 export restrictions on rare earth magnets have sent tremors across Indian industry, starkly exposing supply chain vulnerabilities in sectors ranging from electric vehicles to defense manufacturing. With\u00a0<strong>China controlling approximately 60\u201370% of global rare earth production (USGS 2023)<\/strong>\u00a0and about 85\u201390% of global processing capacity, India relies heavily on imports for critical minerals\u2014highlighting the urgent need for strategic autonomy. The issue sits at the confluence of resource security, economic development, environmental stewardship, and international relations, compelling robust, multi-dimensional policy response.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.deccanherald.com\/india\/chinas-rare-earth-magnets-export-curb-exposes-indias-vulnerabilities-3618163\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"rare-earths-in-the-geo-economic-and-security-arena\">Rare Earths in the Geo-economic and Security Arena<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Global Distribution and Dependence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Global reserves (2023)<\/strong>: About 130 million tonnes.\u00a0<strong>China (44 million tonnes, ~37%)<\/strong>, Vietnam and Brazil (~21 million tonnes each), Russia (12 million tonnes), India (~6 million tonnes, ~5%)[USGS 2023]. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/padhai.ai\/blogs-padhai-app\/rare-earth-elements-upsc-exam\">padhai.ai<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/padhai.ai\/blogs-padhai-app\/rare-earth-elements-upsc-exam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Production (2023):<\/strong>\u00a0~280,000 tonnes globally.\u00a0<strong>China: 70%<\/strong>; the US (~14%), Australia (~9%), Myanmar (%), and others form the rest.<a href=\"https:\/\/padhai.ai\/blogs-padhai-app\/rare-earth-elements-upsc-exam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Trade:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>China supplies nearly 60\u201370% of global REMs directly but processes much of the world\u2019s REM ore<\/strong>\u00a0for third countries. India imports 93% of its permanent magnets from China, while Japan and the US are also heavily dependent.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/india\/story\/india-rare-earth-mineral-metal-critical-reserves-strategy-china-crisis-ev-manufacturing-explained-2754928-2025-07-14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The\u00a0<strong>US, EU, and Japan<\/strong>\u00a0have prioritized rare earth supply security;\u00a0<strong>Australia<\/strong>\u00a0is the largest producer outside China, actively developing new mines (e.g., Lynas Rare Earths Ltd).<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.org.au\/india-australia-collaborate-on-critical-minerals-for-renewable-energy-and-climate-action\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>EU\u2019s Critical Raw Materials Act (2023)<\/strong>\u00a0and\u00a0<strong>US Inflation Reduction Act (2022)<\/strong>\u00a0both mandate non-Chinese sourcing and incentivize domestic or allied supply chains for green tech.<a href=\"https:\/\/padhai.ai\/blogs-padhai-app\/rare-earth-elements-upsc-exam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-strategic-importance-of-rare-earth-minerals\">The Strategic Importance of Rare Earth Minerals<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Critical Applications Across Sectors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Rare earth elements serve as the backbone of modern technological civilization. These&nbsp;<strong>17 elements are essential for defense systems, renewable energy technologies, EV batteries, and the digital economy<\/strong>. From neodymium in wind turbine generators to dysprosium in electric vehicle motors, REMs are irreplaceable inputs for India&#8217;s technological transformation.<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.org.au\/india-australia-collaborate-on-critical-minerals-for-renewable-energy-and-climate-action\/\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The defense sector particularly highlights this criticality. Modern military systems\u2014from precision-guided munitions to radar systems\u2014depend heavily on rare earth-based components.&nbsp;<strong>China&#8217;s control over 70% of global REE production and nearly 90% of processing capabilities<\/strong>&nbsp;creates significant strategic vulnerabilities for India&#8217;s defense preparedness.<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sundayguardianlive.com\/opinion\/the-rare-earth-moment-indias-opportunity-to-shape-the-next-age-136230\/\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Economic Implications<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The economic stakes are equally substantial.\u00a0<strong>India&#8217;s permanent magnet imports almost doubled in 2024-25, reaching 57,000 tonnes from 28,700 tonnes previously, with 93% originating from China<\/strong>. This import surge occurred even before China&#8217;s April 2025 export restrictions, highlighting the depth of India&#8217;s dependency.<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.policycircle.org\/policy\/india-rare-earth-china-imports\/\"> policycircle<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.policycircle.org\/policy\/india-rare-earth-china-imports\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Current industry estimates suggest that\u00a0<strong>existing stocks may last only 2-3 weeks<\/strong>, creating immediate production disruptions across automotive, electronics, and clean energy sectors. Major carmakers including Maruti Suzuki and JSW MG Motor India are already experiencing delays in raw material supplies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Rising Weaponization and Chokepoint Risks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Rare earths have become a powerful lever in the\u00a0<strong>China\u2013US tech war<\/strong>. China\u2019s past embargoes on Japan (2010), curbs on exports to the US and EU, and 2025\u2019s licensing on seven REMs reflect their use as a\u00a0<strong>geo-economic weapon<\/strong>. These moves threaten global technology, defense, and green energy transitions. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.graphyonline.com\/archives\/IJEES\/2019\/IJEES-169\/article.pdf\">graphyonline<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.graphyonline.com\/archives\/IJEES\/2019\/IJEES-169\/article.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Defense Dependence:<\/strong>\u00a0The Pentagon estimates that F-35 jets, missiles, precision weapons, and sonar systems all depend on rare earth components, many sourced from or processed in China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Maritime Risks:<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>The South China Sea accounts for significant REM shipping route<\/strong>\u2014regional tension or blockade could disrupt flows to India, Japan, and the West.<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.deccanherald.com\/india\/chinas-rare-earth-magnets-export-curb-exposes-indias-vulnerabilities-3618163\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"indias-vulnerabilities-and-challenges\">India&#8217;s Vulnerabilities and Challenges<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Limited Processing Capacity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>While India possesses significant rare earth reserves,&nbsp;<strong>the country lacks adequate processing and refining capabilities<\/strong>. The mismatch between domestic reserves and value-added output highlights critical infrastructure gaps. India&#8217;s&nbsp;<strong>actual monazite production is limited to approximately 4,000 tonnes annually despite processing capacity of 10,000 tonnes<\/strong>, primarily due to environmental clearances and policy constraints.<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/padhai.ai\/blogs-padhai-app\/rare-earth-elements-upsc-exam\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Environmental Concerns<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Rare earth mining presents substantial environmental challenges.&nbsp;<strong>Approximately 13 kg of toxic dust is produced per tonne of REE, along with 10,000 m\u00b3 of waste gases and 75 m\u00b3 of wastewater<\/strong>. Monazite ores contain thorium (6-12%) and uranium, making them radioactive and requiring specialized processing facilities.<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/padhai.ai\/blogs-padhai-app\/rare-earth-elements-upsc-exam\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT) has imposed blanket bans on illegal mining and export of beach sand minerals<\/strong>, reflecting the tension between resource extraction and environmental protection. These regulatory constraints, while necessary for sustainability, limit India&#8217;s domestic production capabilities.<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/padhai.ai\/blogs-padhai-app\/rare-earth-elements-upsc-exam\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technological Gaps<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>India faces significant technological deficits in rare earth separation and processing.&nbsp;<strong>China&#8217;s dominance stems not just from mineral reserves but from decades of investment in separation technologies and industrial infrastructure<\/strong>. Building comparable capabilities requires substantial time and capital investments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"indias-strategic-responses-and-policy-initiatives\">India\u2019s Strategic Responses and Policy Initiatives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">India\u2019s Policy Frameworks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Draft Critical Minerals Strategy (2023):<\/strong>\u00a0Lays out a roadmap for securing 30+ critical minerals, enhancing domestic exploration, and supporting international partnerships.<a href=\"https:\/\/padhai.ai\/blogs-padhai-app\/rare-earth-elements-upsc-exam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>National Mineral Policy (2019):<\/strong>\u00a0Focuses on transparent allocation, sustainability, and R&amp;D for strategic minerals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Atmanirbhar Bharat:<\/strong>\u00a0Seeks self-reliance through indigenization of key technologies, incentives for sectoral manufacturing, and import substitution (including critical minerals).<a href=\"https:\/\/padhai.ai\/blogs-padhai-app\/rare-earth-elements-upsc-exam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Institutional and International Moves<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>KABIL (Khanij Bidesh India Ltd.)<\/strong>\u00a0spearheads India\u2019s overseas acquisitions, with footprints in Argentina (lithium), Australia (joint investments), and Chile (brine contracts). The\u00a0<strong>National Critical Minerals Mission<\/strong>\u00a0accelerates private participation and R&amp;D.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2039606\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Deep Ocean Mission:<\/strong>\u00a0India, with exclusive rights over 75,000 sq. km on the central Indian Ocean seabed, now seeks cobalt, nickel, and REMs in polymetallic nodules.<a href=\"https:\/\/visionias.in\/blog\/current-affairs\/deep-ocean-mission-indias-path-to-sustainable-blue-economy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Bilateral\/multilateral actions:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Quad Critical and Emerging Technology Working Group<\/strong>\u00a0coordinates on supply chain transparency, mining standards, and recycling. The\u00a0<strong>IEA Critical Minerals Market Review 2024<\/strong>\u00a0calls India a key demand center and partner.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>India\u2013Australia Critical Minerals Investment Partnership:<\/strong>\u00a0~$600 million pledged for lithium, cobalt, and rare earth supply.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.org.au\/india-australia-collaborate-on-critical-minerals-for-renewable-energy-and-climate-action\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>India\u2013Japan rare earth collaboration<\/strong>\u00a0has helped diversify sources post-2010 and add value via joint R&amp;D.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>G20 and G7\u2019s focus on mineral supply chain resilience<\/strong>\u00a0features India as a strategic partner.<a href=\"https:\/\/sundayguardianlive.com\/opinion\/the-rare-earth-moment-indias-opportunity-to-shape-the-next-age-136230\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"environmental-and-sustainability-imperatives\">Environmental and Sustainability Imperatives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Rare earth mining is&nbsp;<strong>not green<\/strong>: Mining and processing can generate&nbsp;<strong>toxic dust, radioactive thorium\/uranium, acidic wastewater, and heavy metal pollution<\/strong>&nbsp;that threaten local ecology and public health. For every tonne of rare earth production, about&nbsp;<strong>13 kg of toxic dust, 9,600\u201312,000 m\u00b3 of waste gas, and 75 m\u00b3 of acidic water are created<\/strong>.<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/padhai.ai\/blogs-padhai-app\/rare-earth-elements-upsc-exam\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>India\u2019s concerns have led to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>NGT bans<\/strong>\u00a0on illegal sand mining,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>stricter\u00a0<strong>environmental clearances<\/strong>\u00a0for monazite-bearing ilmenite, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a\u00a0<strong>shift to deep sea and recycling initiatives<\/strong>\u00a0for reducing terrestrial extraction harm.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2095517\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Circular economy focus:<\/strong>&nbsp;The National Critical Minerals Mission and Atmanirbhar Bharat stress&nbsp;<strong>extracting REMs from e-waste, industrial byproducts (red mud, fly ash), battery recycling, and end-of-life vehicles<\/strong>. Companies like JSW and Tata are piloting such extraction.<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/padhai.ai\/blogs-padhai-app\/rare-earth-elements-upsc-exam\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Globally,&nbsp;<strong>the US and EU now mandate REM recycling content in green technologies<\/strong>, while Japan leads in urban mining for spent electronics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"analysis-and-sectoral-impact\">Analysis and Sectoral Impact<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Economic and Technology Stakes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Up to&nbsp;<strong>$1 trillion in global clean energy investments by 2030<\/strong>&nbsp;depend on uninterrupted REM supply. India\u2019s&nbsp;<strong>PLI schemes for electronics, EVs, and renewables<\/strong>&nbsp;hinge on stable input flows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Defense and Space:<\/strong>&nbsp;ISRO, DRDO, and defense PSUs increasingly require guaranteed REM availability for precision guidance, lasers, and communication systems, making India\u2019s reliance on Chinese processing a major risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Global Diversification\u2014How Are Others Responding?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>US<\/strong>: Investing $800 million in processing\/recycling; new mines in California and Texas, and diplomatic push for allied partnerships.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Australia:<\/strong>\u00a0Lynas, Iluka Resources expanding; aiming for 20% of global REM output by 2030.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Japan:<\/strong>\u00a0Secures long-term contracts with Vietnam, Australia, and India; leads on REM recycling tech.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>EU:<\/strong>\u00a0Sets targets for sourcing no more than 65% of strategic minerals from any one country, mainly to reduce Chinese reliance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"way-forward\">Way Forward<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>India must:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Expand domestic value chains:<\/strong>\u00a0Build state-of-the-art processing, separation, and recycling facilities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Accelerate overseas resource acquisition:<\/strong>\u00a0Back KABIL\u2019s investments, diversify partners (Africa, Canada, Central Asia).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Leverage multilateral forums:<\/strong>\u00a0Push for transparent, fair, and ecologically sound global supply regulations via Quad, G20, IEA.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Boost R&amp;D for green extraction:<\/strong>\u00a0Invest in less polluting extraction, safe waste storage, and remediation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Strengthen monitoring of maritime routes:<\/strong>\u00a0Secure sea lanes and invest in alternate logistics to bypass chokepoints.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conclusion\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>India\u2019s rare earth moment\u2014shaped by China\u2019s weaponization of supply, global green transition, and the competitive scramble for mineral security\u2014has never been more critical. Strategic autonomy requires not just stockpiling, but building an&nbsp;<strong>integrated, sustainable, and diversified REM ecosystem<\/strong>\u2014from seabed to circuit board and scrapyard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How quickly and effectively India can scale domestic processing, lock in global partnerships, and build climate-safe supply chains will determine its place in the 21st century\u2019s technology and geopolitical order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Possible Mains Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>&#8220;China&#8217;s export restrictions on rare earth minerals have exposed India&#8217;s strategic vulnerabilities while creating opportunities for supply chain diversification.&#8221; Analyze India&#8217;s institutional responses and suggest comprehensive strategies for achieving rare earth security.<\/strong>\u00a0(250 words)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>&#8220;The geo-economic weaponization of rare earth minerals challenges traditional concepts of strategic autonomy in the digital age.&#8221; Examine how India can balance environmental concerns with critical mineral extraction for technological self-reliance.<\/strong>\u00a0(250 words)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Highlights Introduction China\u2019s 2025 export restrictions on rare earth magnets have sent tremors across Indian industry, starkly exposing supply chain vulnerabilities in sectors ranging from electric vehicles to defense manufacturing. With\u00a0China controlling approximately 60\u201370% of global rare earth production (USGS 2023)\u00a0and about 85\u201390% of global processing capacity, India relies heavily on imports for critical <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.aquartia.in\/index.php\/2025\/08\/19\/navigating-autonomy-in-era-of-geo-economic-weaponization\/\" class=\"read-more-link\">[Read More&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3225,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,8929,2610],"tags":[2215,5627,9204,4041,2216,9263,5621,9259,9264,9262,2686,5625,4277,9261,9260,9265,5818,6568,743,9115],"class_list":["post-3224","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-economy","category-environment","tag-cleanenergy","tag-criticalminerals","tag-deepoceanmission","tag-defensetechnology","tag-energytransition","tag-geoeconomicweaponization","tag-globalsupplychains","tag-indiachina","tag-innovationstrategy","tag-kabil","tag-makeinindia","tag-mineralsecurity","tag-nationalsecurity","tag-quadcooperation","tag-rareearthminerals","tag-resourcediplomacy","tag-strategicautonomy","tag-supplychainsecurity","tag-sustainablemining","tag-technologicalsovereignty"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - 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